一、时态和语态 前言 考试题型及考试重点： 考试题型： 有五种题型：1、阅读理解；2、词汇和语法；3、挑错；4、英译汉；5、汉译英。 从英语学习的一般规律来看，在英语学习的初级阶段，一般说来，要把语法放在非常重要的地位。因为语法作为语言的规则，是构成语言的框架，没有规则不成方圆。 在三级考试中，语法和词汇中的语法要占到15～20道题，在第三题的改错中全部考的是语法，语法的考察在30～35之间。因此，要求我们在做三级试题的时候必须拿下28～30道题。 语法的考试点及考试规律： （1）三级考试所考察的语法只是一些语法的规则。 （2）考试具有重复性。 （3）语法考试的普遍性：在所有这些语法中，每年都会涉及到一些不是非常重要的语法。 要求大家必须做到的： （1）听懂课堂上所讲的内容 （2）熟悉语法的规则 （3）会做后面的练习。 （一）时态 英语中一共有16种时态：一般现在、一般过去、一般将来、过去将来时，以及这四者的进行时、完成时和完成进行时。但从92年以来的考题统计来看，时态考题中，考查将来完成时最多，时态考查的次序依次为：将来完成时—— 过去完成时 —— 现在完成进行时 —— 现在完成时。 先看以下各题： （1）We're late.I expect the film by the time we get to the cinema.（1992.6） A.had already started B.will already have started C.have already started D.have already been started （2）When the mixture it will give off a powerful force.（1992.6） A.will heat B.will be heated C.is heated D.has heated （3）English in a new way at my college in the past few years.（1992.6） A.has been teaching B.was being taught C.has been taught D.had been taught （4）Smith is to study medicine as soon as he military service.（1993.6） A.will finish B.has finished C.finish D.would finish （5）All the machines by the end of following week.（1993.6） A.were repaired B.will be repaired C.have been repaired D.will have been repaired （6）He the army for ten years and is now an officer.（1995.6） A.has gone into B.has joined in C.has been in D.has come into （7）About the sixth century A.D when few Europeans could read， the Chinese paper.（1997.6） A.invented B.had invented C.have invented D.had been invented （8）I on the door for ten minutes now without an answer.（1998.6） A.was knocking B.am knocking C.knocking D.have been knocking （9）When I went to visit Mrs.Smith last week， I was told she two days before.（2003.11） A.has left B.was leaving C.would leave D.had left （10）Since he left the university， he __________ in an accounting company. A.has been working B.had worked C.had been working D.was working 「答案」BCDBD CBDDA 「评析」 1、以上试题对时态的考查可以分为两部分内容，一部分是与条件状语从句和时间状语从句中的时态有关，如（2）和（4）；另一部分是与完成时态有关，其余各题便是如此。 2、一般在时间、条件和让步状语从句中用一般现在时表示一般将来，用现在完成时表示将来完成，用一般过去时表示过去将来。如（2）和（4）。 （2）When the mixture it will give off a powerful force.（1992.6） A.will heat B.will be heated C.is heated D.has heated 答案：C （4）Smith is to study medicine as soon as he military service.（1993.6） A.will finish B.has finished C.finish D.would finish 答案：B 3、现在完成时有两种用法，一种表示过去发生，但对现在有影响的动作或状态，常和in the past years，this year， so far，up to now，yet等表示非确定性过去的时间状语连用，如（3）。 （3）English in a new way at my college in the past few years.（1992.6） A.has been teaching b.was being taught C.has been taught D.had been taught 答案：C 再如： I have been to Beijing many times. They have already published the results of the experiments. 同时，注意上句中副词already的位置。 现在完成时的另外一种用法是：表示从过去某个时间开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态，如（6）： （6）He the army for ten years and is now an officer.（1995.6） A.has gone into B.has joined in C.has been in D.has come into 答案：C 同时，还要注意这道试题反映出来的另外一个问题：在完成时态中，终止性动词不能与表示一段时间的时间状语连用，而表示状态或动作持续的谓语动词必须与表示一段时间的状语连用。 4、过去完成时表示在过去的某个时间或动作以前已经发生的动作或已经存在的状态。就是我们常说的：表示“过去的过去发生的动作或状态”，如（7）。 （7）About the sixth century A.D when few Europeans could read， the Chinese paper.（1997.6） A.invented B.had invented C.have invented D.had been invented 答案：B 5、将来完成时态表示到将来某个时间为止已经完成的动作。如（1）和（5）。 （1）We're late.I expect the film by the time we get to the cinema.（1992.6） A.had already started B.will already have started. C.have already started D.have already been started 答案：B （5）All the machines by the end of following week.（1993.6） A.were repaired B.will be repaired C.have been repaired D.will have been repaired 答案：D 再如： It's reported that by the end of the month the output of cement in the factory ____ about 10%. A.will have risen B.has risen C.will be rising D.has been rising 答案：A 6、与现在完成时不同，现在完成进行时则表示某个动作从过去持续到现在，并且仍在进行，如（8）和（10）。 （8）I on the door for ten minutes now without an answer.（1998.6） A.was knocking B.am knocking C.knocking D.have been knocking 答案：D （10）Since he left the university， he _____ in an accounting company. A.has been working B.had worked C.had been working D.was working 答案：A 再如： We have been working on this project for over a month now. 「考试策略」 （1）根据时间状语选择时态，特别是完成时的时间状语一般表示“到……为止”，以“by”短语居多。如果句中的时间状语是由by引出的短语或从句，谓语动词一般用完成时态，如： By the time we got there， the fire had already been put out. We'll have completed the task by the time you come back. （2）如果没有时间状语，那就根据试题中出现的动作发生的顺序做出判断。 （3）注意特殊句型中的时态，如： ①hardly/scarcely …when… 和no sooner… than… Hardly had I put down the receiver when the telephone rang again. 我刚放下话筒，电话又响了。 No sooner had they got to know the news than they went to the bar to enjoy a drink. 他们一得到消息，他们就去酒吧喝酒了。 ②祈使句表示一种条件，第二个分句中一般要用will表示在这种条件下可能发生的事情。如： Turn on the television or open a magazine and you _____ advertisements showing happy families. A.are often seeing B.often see C.will often see D.have often seen 答案：C 但是，本题中often的使用可能会造成一定的迷惑。这就要求考生对各种时态的表达方式，以及其作用了解清楚。will可以表示习惯。 二、虚拟语气 英语中的虚拟语气有4种，一种是条件句中的虚拟语气，一种是含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气，一种是名词性从句中的虚拟语气，还有一种是状语从句中的虚拟语气。其中虚拟时态的运用很大程度上和其所处的句型有关。虚拟语气在三级考试中是一个比较重要的语法。下面我们也分四部分来看一下三级考试中虚拟语气的运用。 （一）条件句中的虚拟语气 在分析虚拟语气的考查特点也应对策略之前，请同学们做以下试题： （1）If a better material______，the strength of the part would have been increased.（1992.6） A.had been used B.had been using C.being used D.using （2）If you______that movie last night， you wouldn't be so sleepy.（1993.6） A.hadn't watched B.haven't watched C.wouldn't have watched D.didn't watch （3）______you were busy， I wouldn't have bothered you with my question.（1996.6） A.If I realized B.Had I realized C.Did I realize that D.As I realized （4）______，I should ask them some questions.（1997.6） A.Should they come to us B.If they come to us C.Were they come to us D.Had they come to us （5）Do you think there would be less conflict in the world if all people ______the same language. A.spoke B.speak C.had spoken D.will speak （6）Had the weather been good， the children ______out for a work.（2001.6） A.had gone B.could have gone C.would go D.went （7）______the advice of his friends， he would not have suffered such a heavy loss in his business.（2004.4） A.If he took B.If he should take C.Were he to take D.Had he taken 「答案」AABAA BD 「评析」外语 1、对于虚拟条件句中时态的运用，首先应该熟记主从句动词与不同事实相反时的时态运用规则。解题时根据句子所表达的时间概念确定与什么事实相反，然后采用相应的时态。 ① 如果与过去事实相反，从句中用过去完成时，主句中用would/should/could/might + have done的形式，如（1）、（3）、（6）和（7）。 （1）If a better material______，the strength of the part would have been increased.（1992.6） A.had been used B.had been using C.being used D.using 答案：A （3）______ you were busy， I wouldn't have bothered you with my question.（1996.6） A.If I realized B.Had I realized C.Did I realize that D.As I realized 答案：B 注意：虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were，should，或had，可将if省略，再把were，should或had 移到从句句首，实行倒装。 （6）Had the weather been good，the children ______ out for a work.（2001.6） A.had gone B.could have gone C.would go D.went 答案：B （7）______ the advice of his friends， he would not have suffered such a heavy loss in his business.（2004.4） A.If he took B.If he should take C.Were he to take D.Had he taken 答案：D ② 如果与现在事实相反，从句中用一般过去时，主句中用would/could/might/should + 原形动词，如（5），表示与正在进行的事实相反用would/might/could/should + be doing的结构。 （5）Do you think there would be less conflict in the world if all people ______the same language？ A.spoke B.speak C.had spoken D.will speak 答案：A ③ 如果表示将来不可能实现的事情，从句中用过去时，或were to / should + 原形动词，以上题（4）表示的就属于这种情况。 （4）______，I should ask them some questions.（1997.6） A.Should they come to us B.If they come to us C.Were they come to us D.Had they come to us 答案：A 2、虚拟条件句有单一条件句，也有混合虚拟条件句，所以不能只根据从句与某一事实相反来判断主句就与该事实相反，同样，也不能想当然地认为主句与某一事实相反，从句也就与该事实相反。如（2）： （2）If you ______that movie last night， you wouldn't be so sleepy.（1993.6） A.hadn't watched B.haven't watched C.wouldn't have watched D.didn't watch 答案：A 从句与过去事实相反，而主句与现在事实相反。 再如： If he weren't such a kind man，he wouldn't have lent a hand to such people as you the other day.（从句与现在事实相反，主句与过去事实相反。） Were my friends not to come tomorrow，I wouldn't have bought so many foods.（从句与将来事实相反，主句与过去事实相反。） 3、if引导条件状语从句时，可以将were/had/should提至句首，省略if考试时经常是将省略if的与含有if的选项并列，在这种情况下，应注意分清从句的时态，尽管多数情况下都是倒装的结构为正确选项。如（3）、（4）、（6）和（7）。 再如： Were they here now，they could help us.=If they were here now，they could help us. Had you come earlier，you would have met him.=If you had come earlier，you would have met him. More Exercises （1）If I hadn't stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell，you ____ now. A.wouldn't be smiling B.couldn't have smiled C.won't smile D.didn't smile 答案：A （2）____ for my illness I would have lent him a helping hand. A.Not being B.Had it not been C.Without being D.Not having been 答案：B （3）______before we depart the day after tomorrow，we should have a wonderful dinner party. A.Had they arrived B.Would they arrive C.Were they arriving D.Were they to arrive 答案：D （4）Jean doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she ____ a job she probably wouldn't be able to see her friends very often. A.has to get B.were to get C.had got D.could have got 答案：C （5）_____ right now，she would get there on Sunday. A.Would she leave B.If she leaves C.Were she to leave D.If she had left 答案：C （6）Had he worked harder，he ____ the exams. A.must have got through B.would have got through C.would get through D.could get through 答案：B （7）If the whole operation _____ beforehand，a great deal of time and money would have been lost. A.was not planned B.has not been planned C.had not been planned D.were not planned 答案：C （二）含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气 （1）Without your help，we _____ so much.（1996.6） A.didn't achieve B.would not have achieved C.will not achieve D.don't achieve （2）Something must have happened on their way here.Or they by _____ now.（2002.6） A.should have arrived B.should arrive C.would have arrived D.would arrive （3）But for the rain，we _____ a nice holiday.（2003.4） A.should have B.would have had C.would have D.would had （4）But for my classmates' help，I _____ the work in time.（2004.4） A.did not finish B.could not finish C.will not finish D.would not have finished （5）I would have joined him in a picnic，but I _____ his company.（2004.11） A.will not like B.don't like C.had not liked D.might not like （6）Without heat and sunlight，plants on the earth _____ well.（2004.11） A.would not grow B.will not grow C.had not grow D.would not be grown 「答案」BDBDD A 「评析」 含蓄虚拟条件句指没有明确的条件从句的虚拟条件句，一般是条件用介词短语、分词短语或并列句的方式表达，这时主句的时态要求与含有条件从句的主句要求相同。 三级测试中常考的含蓄虚拟条件句句型有： ① But for/Without， 主句…… ，如（1）、（3）、（4）和（6）。 （1）Without your help， we _____ so much.（1996.6） A.didn't achieve B.would not have achieved C.will not achieve D.don't achieve 答案：B （3）But for the rain，we _____ a nice holiday.（2003.4） A.should have B.would have had C.would have D.would had 答案：B （4）But for my classmates' help，I _____ the work in time.（2004.4） A.did not finish B.could not finish C.will not finish D.would not have finished 答案：D （6）Without heat and sunlight，plants on the earth _____ well.（2004.11） A.would not grow B.will not grow C.had not grow D.would not be grown 答案：A ② ……， otherwise/or …… ，如（2） （2）Something must have happened on their way here.Or they _____ by now.（2002.6） A.should have arrived B.should arrive C.would have arrived D.would arrive 答案：D 再如： He hadn't had food for two days，or/otherwise he wouldn’t have fainted out at work. ③ ……，thought/but …… ，如5） （5）I would have joined him in a picnic，but I _____ his company.（2004.11） A.will not like B.don't like C.had not liked D.might not like 答案：D 再如： Einstein cared little for money，though he could have been very rich. He could have got the job，but he didn't apply for it. ④分词/不定式，主句…… Having been born ten years earlier，you could have witnessed the disaster. Given more time，we could have done the work much better. （三）名词性从句中的虚拟语气 （1）The doctor advised that Mr.Malan _____ an operation right away so as to save his life.（1998.6） A.had B.was going to C.have D.would have （2）His mother insisted that he _____ the coat when going out.（1999.6） A.put on B.puts on C.to put D.putting on （3）Peter wishes that he _____ law instead of literature when he was in college.（2000.6） A.could study B.studied C.had studied D.would study （4）It is desirable that he _____ .（2000.6） A.gives up trying B.give up trying C.would give up trying D.is going to give up trying （5）I am too busy these days.I would rather all of you _____ next month for a dinner.（2002.6） A.come B.would come C.came D.have come （6）The general's command is that the soldiers _____ their fort and carry out more important tasks.（2002.6） A.would leave B.leave C.left D.have left （7）It's urgent that a meeting _____ before the final decision is made.（2003.4） A.will be arranged B.must be arranged C.be arranged D.would be arranged （8）Let's finished our homework in a few seconds；it's time we _____ . A.played football B.will play football C.play football D.are playing football （9）It's vital that enough money _____ collected to get the project started. A.is B.be C.must be D.can be 「答案」CACBC BCAB 「评析」 与以上两种虚拟语气句式不同，这里虚拟语气中时态的变化比较少，主要依据所处的句型。考生所需要的是了解在哪些情况下用这种句式，测试中考生只需从四个选项中辨认答案即可。该部分所包含的句型有： ① 表示“命令”“建议”或“要求”的动词后面的宾语从句中用should + 原形动词，should可以省略。常用于该句型的动词有direct，order，command，require，ask，request，demand，insist，suggest，recommend，advise等。 这里句型的考题中，一般都会有would， must等干扰项，正确选项以省略should者居多，如（1）和（2）。 （1）The doctor advised that Mr.Malan _____ an operation right away so as to save his life.（1998.6） A.had B.was going to C.have D.would have 答案：C （2）His mother insisted that he _____ the coat when going out.（1999.6） A.put on B.puts on C.to put D.putting on 答案：A 并且常是not do something， 或be的形，尤其是not be done的形式。如： Mike's uncle insists ____ in this hotel. A.staying not B.not to stay C.that he would not stay D.that he not stay 答案：D It is recommended that the project _____ until all the preparations have been made. A.is not started B.will not be started C.not be started D.is not to be started 答案：C As Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces，I have directed that all measures ____ for our defense. A.had been taken B.would be taken C.be taken D.to be taken 答案：C 另外这类考题还常借助于动词本身的句法结构设干扰项。如insist后可接doing something，being done或on doing something的结构，suggest后也可接动名词。 注意： 如suggest，insist不表示“建议” 或“坚持要某人做某事时”，即它们用于其本意“暗示、表明”、“坚持认为”时，宾语从句用陈述语气。 （错）You pale face suggests that you （should）be ill. （对）Your pale face suggests that you are ill. ② 表示“命令”“建议”或“要求”的名词后面的同位语或表语从句中同样是用should + 原形动词，should可以省略。 与上面一条相同，表示这些概念的名词如suggestion，advice，order，proposal等后面的that从句中虚拟语气使用规则相同，如（6）中都是that引导的表语从句中使用should + 原形动词，should省略的结构。 （6）The general's command is that the soldiers ____ their fort and carry out more important tasks.（2002.6） A.would leave B.leave C.left D.have left 答案：B 再如： We are all for your proposal that the discussion ____. A.be put off B.was put off C.should put off D.is to be out off 答案：A The suggestion that the mayor ________the prizes was accepted by everyone. A.would present B.present C.presents D.ought to present 答案：B ③ It is + 表示“重要，有必要，吃惊，难以相信”的名词或形容词，或表示“命令”“建议”“要求”的过去分词 + that 从句中用should + 原形动词，should可以省略。 这一句型可分解为 It is important/necessary/vital/advisable/essential ……that … （should） It is strange/surprising/unbelievable … that … （should） It is suggested/requested/recommended … that … （should）… 这些句型一律使用should + 原形动词的结构，should可以省略，如（4）、（9）题 （4）It is desirable that he ______ .（2000.6） A.gives up trying B.give up trying C.would give up trying D.is going to give up trying 答案：B （9）It's vital that enough money ______ collected to get the project started. A.is B.be C.must be D.can be 答案：B 再如： It is essential that these application forms ____ back as early as possible. A.must be sent B.will be sent C.are sent D.be sent 答案：D It is recommended that the project _____ until all the preparations have been made. A.is not started B.will not be started C.not be started D.is not to be started 答案：C ④ wish wish 后面的从句时态可以有以下几种情况 表示与现在事实相反用一般过去时： How I wish I had a memory as good as yours. 表示与现在正在进行的事情相反可用过去进行时，如： Sometimes I wish I ____ in a different time and a different place.（2000.1） A.be living B.were living C.would live D.would have lived 答案：B 表示与过去事实相反的情况用过去完成时，也可以用could have done 的形式，如（3）。 I wish I ____ longer this morning， but I had to get up and come to class. A.could have slept B.slept C.might have slept D.have slept 答案：A 由于might表示“也许”，与这里的意思不合，只能用A。 表示将来不可能实现的情况用would/might + 原形动词。 How I wish you would be able to come here for another visit. ⑤ If only 表示愿望时与wish用法相同。再如： If only that photograph weren't missing. If only the letter had arrived in time. ⑥ would rather 该句型中多用相当于过去式的形式。如果表示与过去事实相反的情况用过去完成时，否则用一般过去时。在如以下各题： （1）The manager would rather his daughter _____ in the same office. A.had not worked B.not to work C.does not work D.did not work 答案：D （2）To be frank，I'd rather you ____ in the case. A.will not be involved B.not involved C.not to be involved D.were not involved 答案：D （3）You don't have to be in such a hurry.I would rather you ____ on business first. A.would go B.will go C.went D.have gone 答案：c （4）Frankly speaking，I'd rather you ___ anything about it for the time being. A.didn't do B.haven't done C.don't do D.have done 答案：A （5）I'd rather you ____ make any comment on the issue for the time being. A.don't B.wouldn't C.didn't D.shouldn't 答案：C ⑦ It's （about/high）time that … 该句型中一般用一般过去时，如8），再如： “You are very selfish.It's high time you ____ that you are not the most important person in the world，” Edgar said to his boss angrily. A.realized B.have realized C.realize D.should realized 答案：A （四）状语从句中的虚拟语气 状语从句中的虚拟语气主要指as if/though从句中的虚拟语气，首先请同学们做一下下面三道题： （1）He walked past the pole and soldiers as if they ______. A.didn't exist B.don't exist C.hadn't existed D.were not existing （2）He operates the new computer as if he _____ special training in it. A.has received B.had received C.would receive D.received （3）They talked in such an uneasy manner as if something terrible ______soon. A.had happened B.happened C.would happen D.has happened 「答案」ABC 「评析」 谓语动词要求使用虚拟语气的状语从句一般是由as if/as though引导。该从句中时态的选择原则是： ① 如果从句中谓语动词与主句谓语动词同时进行，用过去进行时； ② 如果从句中谓语动词表示与主句谓语动词同时存在的状态，用一般过去时，如（1）。 （1）He walked past the pole and soldiers as if they ______. A.didn't exist B.don't exist C.hadn't existed D.were not existing 答案：A ③ 如果从句中谓语动词表示先于主句谓语动词的动作或状态，用过去完成时，如（2）。 （2）He operates the new computer as if he _____ special training in it. A.has received B.had received C.would receive D.received 答案：B ④ 如果从句中谓语动词后于主句谓语动词发生，用would/might + 原形动词。 （3）They talked in such an uneasy manner as if something terrible ______soon. A.had happened B.happened C.would happen D.has happened 答案：C 学习地址：济南市花园路58号（历城区党校办公楼1楼104室）。 邮 箱: ck@sdcknet.cn 咨询电话：0531—69951586 13176021506 网 址：山东省成人教育考试网 www.sdcknet.cn 乘车路线：市内乘30路、80路、118路、201路到辛祝路南口站下车，乘11路、138路、308路、K91路到华信路北口站下车，沿花园路与华信路十字路口向东 |
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